The regions of the fertile Crescent, Iran and Arabia are home to the earliest known philosophical Wisdom literature and is today mostly dominated by Islamic culture.
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19th-century philosophy (sometimes called late modern philosophy) was influenced by the wider 18th-century movement termed "the Enlightenment", and includes figures such as Hegel a key figure in German idealism, Kierkegaard who developed the foundations for existentialism, Nietzsche a famed anti-Christian, John Stuart Mill who promoted utilitarianism, Karl Marx who developed the foundations for communism and the American William James.
[49] The Jain thought holds that all existence is cyclic, eternal and uncreated. [88], Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that studies knowledge. Philosophy has a rich literary heritage, including the writings and teachings of profound thinkers from many cultures throughout history. This site uses cookies. In this sense, all cultures and literate societies ask philosophical questions, such as "how are we to live" and "what is the nature of reality." According to Whiteley (1998), for the Native Americans, "mind is critically informed by transcendental experience (dreams, visions and so on) as well as by reason.
The theory of Teotl can be seen as a form of Pantheism. CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2020 (.
Many inquiries outside of academia are philosophical in the broad sense.
The history of philosophy (study of a specific period, individual or school) should not be confused with the philosophy of history, a minor subfield most commonly associated with historicism as first defended in Hegel's Lectures on the Philosophy of History. A major question in the philosophy of mathematics is whether mathematical entities are objective and discovered, called mathematical realism, or invented, called mathematical antirealism. Jain philosophy accepts the concept of a permanent soul (jiva) as one of the five astikayas (eternal, infinite categories that make up the substance of existence).
The problem is that whatever the source of justification may be, that source must either be without justification (in which case it must be treated as an arbitrary foundation for belief), or it must have some further justification (in which case justification must either be the result of circular reasoning, as in coherentism, or the result of an infinite regress, as in infinitism).[90]. Why do we dream?
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