Navigation downstream is provided by the Welland Canal, part of the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The automobile industry dominates the economy, along with natural gas, salt mining, and the world’s largest sandstone quarry. In the 1970s, patches of the lake were declared dead because of industrial waste as well as sewage from runoffs; as The New York Times reporter Denny Lee wrote in 2004, "The lake, after all, is where the Rust Belt meets the water.". Lake Erie is the eleventh largest lake in the world by surface area. Other major contributors to Lake Erie include the Grand River, the Huron River, the Maumee River, the Sandusky River, the Buffalo River, and the Cuyahoga River. These cause water to pile up at the eastern end of the lake. There periodically is a dead zone, or region of low oxygen, in the lake whose exact location varies. In 1837, rebellions broke about between Canadian settlers and the British Colonial government, primarily over political reforms and land allocation issues. There was a legend of an Indian woman named Huldah who, despairing over her lost British lover, hurled herself from a high rock from Pelee Island. The most populated city along Lake Erie is Cleveland, Ohio, USA. These chemicals act as fertilizer for growths of algae that suck oxygen from the lower depths and rise to the surface as odoriferous green scum ... Commercial and game fish—blue pike, whitefish, sturgeon, northern pike—have nearly vanished, yielding the waters to trash fish that need less oxygen. The lake effect ends or its effect is reduced, however, when the lake freezes over. It is believed to be the oldest archaeological steamship wreck in Lake Erie, according to the Great Lakes Historical Society. Here's one account of ice life around Put-in-Bay: The first ice usually forms in late November, and by January it locks into place. Being the shallowest of the Great Lakes, it is the most likely to freeze and frequently does. The shoreline of Lake Erie borders the U.S. states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan (Upper Peninsula) and the Canadian province of Ontario. During the 20th century, commercial fishing was prevalent, but so was the boom in manufacturing industry around the lake, and often rivers and streams were used as sewers to flush untreated sewage which ended up in the lake. The improved farming practices, which were voluntary, were followed for a while, resulting in remarkable recovery of the lake in the 1970s. Kelleys Island was depicted by the Chicago Tribune as having charms that were "more subtle" than Put-in-Bay, and offers amenities such as beach lounging, hiking, biking and "marveling at deep glacial grooves left in limestone." Generally, the lowest levels are in January and February, and the highest in June or July, although there have been exceptions. Lake Eire is one of the Great Lakes in North America. Maritime traffic picked up, although the lake was usually closed because of ice from December to early April, and ships had to wait for the ice to clear before proceeding. Some introductions have been seen as beneficial such as the introduction of Pacific salmon. Learn facts about Lake Erie for kids. These trails became primitive roads which were eventually paved. Lake Erie has a lake retention time of 2.6 years, the shortest of all the Great Lakes. All Rights Reserved. Sometimes fierce waves springing up unexpectedly have led to dramatic rescues; in one instance, a Cleveland resident trying to measure the dock near his house became trapped but was rescued by a fire department diver from Avon Lake, Ohio: In a tug of war against the waves, the two were finally hauled out by rope.

Zebra mussels and gobies have been credited with the increased population and size of smallmouth bass in Lake Erie. These water snakes are also located where vegetation, debris, and logs provide cover on the shorelines. The algal blooms result from growth of Microcystis, a toxic blue-green algae that the zebra mussels which infest the lake don't eat. But winds can have a peaceful purpose as well; there have been proposals to place electricity–producing wind turbines in windy and shallow points in the lake and along the coast, both in the United States and Canada. Along the southeastern shore in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York is an important grape growing region, as are the islands in the lake. Generally, however, despite the two exceptions being the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812 which involved conflicts between the U.S. and Great Britain, relations between the U.S. and Canada have been remarkably friendly with an "unfortified boundary" and an agreement "that has kept all fleets of war off the Great Lakes.". The snake was helpful in keeping the population of goby fish in check. The "waves build very quickly", according to other accounts. Federal officials acted as well; the United States Congress passed the Clean Water Act of 1972. While they have a non-venomous bite, they are a key predator in the lake's aquatic ecosystem since they feed on mudpuppies and walleye and smallmouth bass. Scientists from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration have been studying the lake's blue-green algae blooms, and trying to find ways to predict when they are spreading or where they might hit landfall; typically the blooms arrive late each summer. During the history of the lake as a fishery, there has been marked battling by opposing interest groups.

There is a concern that Asian carp might enter the Great Lakes region and alter the ecosystem negatively. One account suggests that bird populations are in trouble, notably the woodland warbler, which had population declines around 60 percent in 2008. Stone Laboratory was donated to the Ohio State University by Julius Stone in 1925 as part of the university's Ohio Sea Grant College Program. Heavy lake-effect snowfalls can occur when cold air travels 60 miles (97 km) or longer over a large unfrozen lake.

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