Biology of Reproduction 46 1196–1204. Ginsburg M, Snow MH & McLaren A 1990 Primordial germ cells in the mouse embryo during gastrulation. Ciba Foundation Symposium 182 68–84. The germ cells in the female medaka gonads then begin to dramatically increase in number (25–27), which is not observed in the male gonads (25, 28–31).
These findings thus provide insights into the properties of gonadal somatic cells and germ cells in vertebrates. (doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025641), Coulombre JL 1954 Analysis of the pleiotropism at the W-locus in the mouse. 2010). Only meiosis. The first way is called preformistic and involves that the cells destined to become germ cells inherit the specific germ cell determinants present in the germ plasm (specific area of the cytoplasm) of the egg (ovum). In contrast to previous reports (8, 11, 19–21, 50), however, we show in our current study that medaka gonads with impaired cell lineages resulting from the forced absence of germ cells develop a single tube-like structure comprising this fundamental unit in terms of both histology and gene expression. Steroid-producing cells expressing genes encoding steroidogenic enzymes such as P450c17 (cytochrome P450 hydroxylase and c17 lyase) are also detectable by 20 dph in both sexes. Reproductive Toxicology 34 393–401. A number of studies have reported on somatic transdifferentiation associated with degeneration of germ cells in foetal and adult ovaries. Thirty-two percent of the adult XX morphants (n = 42/131) possessed germ cells and were fertile, indicating in these cases that gonads containing small numbers of germ cells were present but were misidentified as germ-cell-deficient at embryonic screening, possibly because of the weak fluorescence of the germ cells. One study found that after treatment of zebrafish embryos by both means (use of morpholino and toxin), all offspring developed into adult males, evaluated by morphological and behavioural criteria. 2010). Soyal SM, Amleh A & Dean J 2000 FIGalpha, a germ cell-specific transcription factor required for ovarian follicle formation. The administration of 11-ketotestosterone has been shown to cause phenotypic female-to-male sex reversal in the medaka (40). In the development of large mammalian species germ cells are responsible for production of the sex gametes and thus the next generation of that species.

In contrast to what happens in adults, no evidence has emerged that germ cells influence early testis development in the fetus (Table 2). Follicular granulosa cells are the second type of accessory cells in the ovary in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, an alternative explanation is that the same stimulus that causes germ cell depletion (ectopic exposure to AMH and genetic loss of ERs) may directly cause somatic cell transdifferentiation or degeneration, without the effect resulting from the loss of germ cells per se.

B) (25). (doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(86)80252-2), Little CC & Cloudman AM 1937 The occurrence of a dominant spotting mutation in the house mouse. A previously reported sex-reversal experiment in the medaka suggested that the gonia-like germ cells are sexually indifferent, and that the branching point toward either sex occurs either before or somewhere during the process of meiosis (47). Migration then takes place from the hindgut along the gut and across the dorsal mesentery to reach the gonads (4.5 weeks in human beings).

2012), offers new advanced tools for investigating germ cell function.

The medaka gonadal primordium is formed at ≈4 days postfertilization (dpf) (stage 33) (23), at which time the testis-determining gene on the Y chromosome, DMY/dmrt1bY, begins to be expressed in the male gonadal somatic cells (24) (Fig. D. Without cell division. Histological analyses showed that, at ∼12 dpn, treated ovaries contained oocyte-depleted follicles that survived and proliferated but acquired a Sertoli-like phenotype including an elongated cytoplasm, polarised nuclear localisation towards the basal lamina and a distinct morphology of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The current view is that germ cells are important for foetal ovary development (a view not consistently supported by the body of data), and that germ cells are completely unimportant for foetal testis development.
In both cases, these data appear to provide support for the concept that loss of germ cells from an ovary triggers sex reversal of the somatic cell population. Hence, a number of known somatic factors combine to direct meiotic entry, sex differentiation, proliferation and pluripotency of foetal germ cells, and it is possible that other such factors remain yet to be identified. Current Biology 6 298–304.

Later in development, these structures degenerate and are undetectable in adult females (Behringer et al. Dissociated/reconstituted 12.5 dpc mouse gonadal somatic cell pellets were analysed after grafting into ovarian bursas of ovariectomised female nude mice. Developmental Biology 324 277–287.

(doi:10.1095/biolreprod.111.096610), Guigon CJ & Magre S 2006 Contribution of germ cells to the differentiation and maturation of the ovary: insights from models of germ cell depletion. Regenass U, Friedrich TD & Stevens LC 1982 Experimental induction of testicular teratomas in dissociated–reaggregated chimaeric gonads.

The general conclusion emerging from studies to date is that, in mammals, just as somatic cells of the gonads communicate to the germline using a variety of signals so too do the germ cells signal back to the somatic cells to regulate their differentiation and/or maintenance. A single empty lumen with several foldings is present in the germ-cell-deficient gonad. Biochemical functions : Estrogens are involved in many metabolic functions. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; H.K., D.S., S.N., K.O., K.M., and M.T. Other experiments provide arguably firmer evidence that loss of germ cells is the primary cause of ovarian transdifferentiation. The primary product of testes is testosterone. BioEssays: News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology 13 151–156. However, this may not be true for all fish species. Mammalian spermatogenesis is representative for most animals. Journal of Zoology 126 277–295.

(doi:10.1038/345167a0), Behringer RR, Finegold MJ & Cate RL 1994 Müllerian-inhibiting substance function during mammalian sexual development.

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