De Groot calls Chinese Universism “the ancient metaphysical view that serves as the basis of all classical Chinese thought. Other sinologists who have not espoused the idea of a unified "national religion" have studied Chinese religion as a system of meaning, or have brought further development in C. K. Yang's distinction between "institutional religion" and "diffused religion", the former functioning as a separate body from other social institutions, and the latter intimately part of secular social institutions. [218] Some gods are considered carnivorous, for example the River God (Chinese :河神Héshén) and Dragon Gods, and offering to them requires animal sacrifice. This is expressed by the concept that "all things have one and the same principle". [3], Ancient Chinese religions have a variety of sources, local forms, founder backgrounds, and ritual and philosophical traditions.

Chinese folk religion is not organized, nor is it equipped with theologies or theologians. [234], The China Family Panel Studies' survey of 2012, [235] published in 2014, based on the Chinese General Social Surveys which are held on robust samples of tens of thousands of people, found that only 12.6% of the population of China belongs to its five state-sanctioned religious groups, while among the rest of the population only 6.3% are atheists, and the remaining 81% (1 billion people) pray to or worship gods and ancestors in the manner of the traditional popular religion. [50] In the 20th century, with the decline of the empire, increasing urbanisation and Western influence, the issue for the new intellectual class was no longer controlling unauthorised worship of unregistered gods, but became the delegitimisation of the ancient Chinese religion as a superstitious obstacle to modernisation. Local priests of southwestern ethnic minorities often acquire prestige by identifying themselves as Taoists and adopting Taoist holy texts. Some endure for centuries, while others remain localised cults, or vanish after a short time. The Treatise on Medicine attributed to Shen was compiled by an early Han dynasty writer. Chinese Folk Religion is especially difficult to define, since it's a catch-all phrase for an unofficial mixture. Chinese folk religion also retains traces of some of its ancestral neolithic belief systems which include the veneration of (and communication with) the sun, moon, earth, the heaven, and various stars, as well as communication with animals. [...] pilgrimage in China is also characterized by extensive planning and organization both by the host temples and those visiting them. The Chinese dragon is one of the key religious icons in these beliefs. In the new century, observers have estimated that as much as 80 percent of the Chinese population believes in some form of traditional folk religion. Wu Hsin-Chao (2014) distinguishes four kinds of Chinese traditional religious organisation: [118] ancestry worship; deity worship; secret societies; and folk religious sects. Including Taiping Taoism of Zhang Jiao(张角的太平道); Zhang Lu’s Five-Dou-Grain Taoism(张鲁的五斗米道), and so on. Described as Taiji (the "Great Pole"), they represent the polarity and complementarity that enlivens the cosmos. Based on a 2005 survey of Encyclopedia Britannica, 33% of the worlds' spiritual adherents follow Christianity, 20% follow Islam, 13% follow Hinduism, 6.3% follow Chinese folk religion, and 5.9% follow Buddhism. [note 12] [192] It is etymologically and figuratively analogous to the concept of di as the base of a fruit, which falls and produces other fruits. Some mythical figures in folk culture have even been integrated into Buddhism as in the case of Miao Shan who is generally thought of having evolved into the Buddhist bodhisattva Kuan Yin. script.setAttribute("async", true); [195], The Five Deities (Chinese :五帝Wǔdì) or "Five Forms of the Highest Deity" (Chinese :五方上帝Wǔfāng Shàngdì)—the Yellow, Green or Blue, Black, Red and White Deities [192] —are the five "horizontal" manifestations of the primordial God and according with the Three Realms they have a celestial, a terrestrial and a chthonic form. In the course of its historical development, the Chinese folk religion had been influenced by various schools of thought, especially Confucianism and Taoism. In addition, Confucianism, as the guiding ideology of the imperial period, also emphasized respecting god and abiding to ancients. [89], The notion of xian ling (Chinese :顯靈), variously translated as "divine efficacy, virtue" or simply the "numen", is important for the relationship between men and gods. Ancestors are therefore regarded as the equivalent of Heaven within human society, and therefore as the means connecting back to Heaven which is the "utmost ancestral father". A further distinctive type of sects of the folk religion, that are possibly the same as the positive "secret sects", are the martial sects. [139] In November 2015 a national Holy Confucian Church was established with the contribution of many Confucian leaders. [99], In fact, in the Chinese tradition there is no distinction between gods (shen) and immortal beings (xian), transcendental principles and their bodily manifestations. This is not to mean that Taoism is Chinese folk religion, but that it may be said to represent the most influential strand unifying many diverse manifestations of folk religion. [47] Leaders are usually selected among male heads of families or lineages, or village heads. [37] Contrary to institutional religions, Chinese religion does not require "conversion" for participation. They are distinguished by egalitarianism, a founding charismatic person often informed by a divine revelation, a specific theology written in holy texts, a millenarian eschatology and a voluntary path of salvation, an embodied experience of the numinous through healing and self-cultivation, and an expansive orientation through evangelism and philanthropy. [113]. WhatsApp: +86- 18088243690 [88], To extend life to its full potential the human shen must be cultivated, resulting in ever clearer, more luminous states of being.

document.cookie = "__adblocker=; expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT; path=/"; With the growth of economic prosperity in rural areas, especially in the coastal provinces where Daoist activities are concentrated, with a more liberal policy on religion, and with the revival of local cultural identity, Daoism - be it the officially sanctioned variety or Daoist activities which are beyond the edge of the official Daoist body - seems to be enjoying a strong comeback, at least for the time being.

Individuals and families who joined them were promised special divine protection in this life and the next by leaders who functioned both as ritual masters and missionaries. [116] A temporary altar with a statue of Zhenwu and a stage for the performance were set up in an open space at the foot of a mountain. In the past, Chinese folk religion was sometimes mistakenly considered a fusion of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism, but it is now widely recognized as a separate system of belief and practice. This type of religion is prevalent in north China, where lineage religion is absent, private, or historically present only within families of southern origin, and patrilineal ties are based on seniority, [123] [124] and villages are composed of people with different surnames. Désolé, un problème s'est produit lors de l'enregistrement de vos préférences en matière de cookies. document.cookie = "__adblocker=" + (adblocker ? [163] The movement promotes the restoration of the authentic roots of the Chinese civilization and Chinese reunification. [93] Cheng Yi said that they are "traces of the creative process". To some, Chinese folk religion is, in fact, simply folk Taoism, the less sophisticated forerunner of the �high Taoism� of the Taoist priests.

Some put the number of Chinese folk religion believers alone at nearly 300 million.

[226].

 [100] Gods can incarnate with a human form and human beings can reach higher spiritual states by the right way of action, that is to say by emulating the order of Heaven. [116] During the course of the opera, large white snakes appeared, passive and unafraid of the people, seemingly watching the opera; the snakes were considered by locals to be incarnations of Zhenwu, come to watch the opera held in his honour. [141] Local gods of local cultures are often incorporated into their altars. (quoting K. Dean (2003). Many scholars, following the lead of sociologist C. K. Yang, see the ancient Chinese religion deeply embedded in family and civic life, rather than expressed in a separate organisational structure like a "church", as in the West. Unlike western religions, which are henotheistic - that is, requiring exclusive adherence - eastern religions often are not exclusionary but incorporate different belief systems. Daoism, Buddhism, and thereligious aspects of Confucianism are combined with local folk beliefs and practices to form the backboneof Chinese religion. [In contrast to the God of Western religions who is outside space and time] the God of Fuxi, Xuanyuan and Wang Yangming is in our space and time. In the long course of history, these religions rejected each other and merged with each other, forming a complicated situation. [87] When ancestries aren't properly cultivated the world falls into disruption, and they become gui.

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