The evolution of multicellular eukaryotes expresses two sorts of adaptations: local adaptations like fur or feathers, which characterize species in particular environments, and universal adaptations like microbiomes or sexual reproduction, which characterize most multicellulars in any environment.
This is an exciting period in evolutionary biology. When natural selection affects such kinds of systems, the resulting phenotype variation does not need to be gradual and continuous. [15]. In this chapter, I examine the extent to which evolutionary pressures—taking the form of canalized aesthetic biases building on fundamental psychobiological mechanisms—may still persist, in strongly constraining the practice of human art-making. The opponents of the extended synthesis argue that the evidence for epigenetic inheritance causing adaptive evolution in nature is insufficient.
Obviously, several of the cornerstones of the traditional evolutionary framework need to be revised and new components incorporated into a common theoretical structure. In a condensed form, these tenets are as follows: (i) all evolutionary explanation requires the study of populations of organisms; (ii) populations contain genetic variation that arises randomly from mutation and recombination; (iii) populations evolve by changes in gene frequency brought about by natural selection, gene flow and drift; (iv) genetic variants generate slight phenotypic effects and the resulting phenotypic variation is gradual and continuous; (v) genetic inheritance alone accounts for the transmission of selectable variation; (vi) new species arise by a prevention of gene flow between populations that evolve differently; (vii) the phenotypic differences that distinguish higher taxa result from the incremental accumulation of genetic variation; (viii) natural selection represents the only directional factor in evolution. The latter, which we label the 'extended evolutionary synthesis' (EES), retains the fundaments of evolutionary theory, but differs in its emphasis on the role of constructive processes in development and evolution, and reciprocal portrayals of causation. Three independent proposals for conceptual frameworks from the period 1980–1995 make virtually identical core assertions, have complementary foci of attention, and most importantly are radical in the sense that they returned to the roots of Darwinism.
Whatever lip service is paid to taking into account other factors than those traditionally accepted, we find that the theory, as presented in extant writings, concentrates on a limited set of evolutionary explananda, excluding the majority of those mentioned among the explanatory goals above. Below, I will sketch out an expanded framework to which several of the authors in this issue have contributed. - POINT Yes, urgently, Why an extended evolutionary synthesis is necessary, Why Gupta et al.’s critique of niche construction theory is off target. The concepts of inheritance equally have undergone revision in recent decades. developments, have provided a wealth of new knowledge about the factors responsible for evolutionary change. The extended evolutionary synthesis was called for in the 1950s by C. H. Waddington, argued f
In the present essay, I will concentrate on the arguments and debates triggered by one particular alternative to the standard theory that has become known under the term extended evolutionary synthesis (EES). [97]) and (b) the extended synthesis (after Müller [107]). Its predictions permit the derivation of new hypotheses and thus inspire novel and progressive research in evolutionary biology and adjacent fields. All these features stimulate research into new areas of evolutionary biology. The principal Darwinian research tradition is upheld, but the specifics of evolutionary theory structure are undergoing ferment, including the revision of some of its traditional elements and the incorporation of new elements. As all natural systems possessing intelligence are cognitive systems, we describe the evolutionary arguments for the necessity of learning to learn for a system to reach human-level intelligence through evolution and development. Therefore, a theory change is not a future goal, but we are in the midst of it, with the EES attempting to provide a structure for the present state of evolutionary thought. Devbias4 was treated in Special Issue as an independent source of adaptation supporting natural selection. The proximate-ultimate distinction and evolutionary developmental biology: Causal irrelevance vs. ex... More on how and why: Cause and effect in biology revisited, Does evolutionary theory need a rethink?
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