Human respiratory systems can be protected from chlorine gas by gas masks with activated charcoal or other filters, which makes chlorine gas much less lethal than other chemical weapons. The gas is marginally dissolvable in water. (1) Chlorine is also used for the manufacture of chlorates and it is important in organic chemistry, forming compounds such as chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, polyvinyl chloride, and synthetic rubber. At temperatures above 300°F (149°C) a chlorine/steel fire can result.
; and they were beneficial during exhumations,[68] embalming, outbreaks of epidemic disease, fever, and blackleg in cattle.[65]. Other uses of chlorine compounds include dyestuffs, petroleum products, medicines, antiseptics, insecticides, foodstuffs, solvents, paints and plastics.

Physical Properties. [100] Because it is denser than air, it tends to accumulate at the bottom of poorly ventilated spaces. We are sorry that this post was not useful for you! nH2O (n ≈ 6–10) separate out at low temperatures. Chlorination modifies the physical properties of hydrocarbons in several ways: chlorocarbons are typically denser than water due to the higher atomic weight of chlorine versus hydrogen, and aliphatic organochlorides are alkylating agents because chloride is a leaving group. > Bio Sanitizer Brochure 1. Evaporation under reduced pressure allows it to be concentrated further to about 40%, but then it decomposes to perchloric acid, chlorine, oxygen, water, and chlorine dioxide.

Chlorine has a characteristic penetrating and irritating odor. [49], Many organochlorine compounds have been isolated from natural sources ranging from bacteria to humans. Chlorine is commonly used as an antiseptic and is used to make drinking water safe and to treat swimming pools. It is used in the manufacture of dyes, drugs and organic compounds like CCl. Perchloric acid and aqueous perchlorates are vigorous and sometimes violent oxidising agents when heated, in stark contrast to their mostly inactive nature at room temperature due to the high activation energies for these reactions for kinetic reasons. Most of the deaths were caused by the force of the explosions rather than the effects of chlorine since the toxic gas is readily dispersed and diluted in the atmosphere by the blast.

It had, according to Scheele, "a very perceptible suffocating smell, which was most oppressive to the lungs... and gives the water a slightly acidic taste... the air in it acquires a yellow color..." Scheele also noted the reactivity and bleaching qualities of the new gas he had made: "all metals were attacked... fixed alkali was converted into common salt... all vegetable flowers - red, blue, and yellow - became white in a short time; the same thing also happened with green plants... insects immediately died. Chlorine displaces the heavier, less electronegative halogens, bromine and iodine, from compounds. [35], Most of the chlorine oxoacids may be produced by exploiting these disproportionation reactions. Proper methods must be followed, whether in laboratory or plant, when organic materials are reacted with chlorine. It is used in the extraction of gold and platinum. Chlorine is presently an important chemical for water purification (such as in water treatment plants), in disinfectants, and in bleach. [104] The toxicity of chlorine comes from its oxidizing power. Properties: Chlorine has a melting point of -100.98°C, boiling point of -34.6°C, density of 3.214 g/l, specific gravity of 1.56 (-33.6°C), with a valence of 1, 3, 5, or 7. Chlorine has been used as a chemical warfare agent. Appearance: greenish-yellow, irritating gas, Specific Heat (@20°C J/g mol): 0.477 (Cl-Cl), References: Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001), Crescent Chemical Company (2001), Lange’s Handbook of Chemistry (1952), CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics (18th Ed. Formally, compounds with this functional group may be considered organic derivatives of the chloride anion.

In aqueous solution, it is highly soluble in most cases; however, for some chloride salts, such as silver chloride, lead (II) chloride, and mercury(I) chloride, they are slightly soluble in water. As a disinfectant in water, chlorine is more than three times as effective against Escherichia coli as bromine, and more than six times as effective as iodine. Tell us how we can improve this post? [61] The chlorine produced is available in cylinders from sizes ranging from 450 g to 70 kg, as well as drums (865 kg), tank wagons (15 tonnes on roads; 27–90 tonnes by rail), and barges (600–1200 tonnes). The gas is harmful to nature. With sulfur, even the tetrachloride is unstable. The gas is easily liquefied by cooling or by pressures of a few atmospheres at ordinary temperature. [62], Sodium chloride is the most common chlorine compound, and is the main source of chlorine for the enormous demand associated with today's chemicals industry. [94] The main dietary source is table salt, or sodium chloride. Chlorine is used for bleaching wood pulp. Chlorine has 16 isotopes whose half-lives are known, with mass numbers 31 to 46. Chlorine can be prepared by any of the following processes: Chlorine reacts with a number of metals and non-metals to form chlorides. Chlorine is used for producing safe drinking water. Chlorine is also used for the manufacture of chlorates and it is important in organic chemistry, forming compounds such as chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, polyvinyl chloride, and synthetic rubber. [63] About 15,000 chlorine compounds are used commercially. An example is the conversion of iron trioxide to the corresponding chloride: Chlorine is moderately soluble in water, yielding chlorine water, and from this solution a solid hydrate of ideal composition, Cl2∙7.66H2O, is obtained.

For other uses, see, "Cl" and "Cl2" redirect here. Top 10 Dangers of Swimming Pool Chlorine. Anhydrous perchloric acid is a colourless mobile liquid that is sensitive to shock that explodes on contact with most organic compounds, sets hydrogen iodide and thionyl chloride on fire and even oxidises silver and gold. The same chemicals were found to be useful in the routine disinfection and deodorization of latrines, sewers, markets, abattoirs, anatomical theatres, and morgues. The affinity of chlorine for hydrogen is so great that the reaction proceeds with explosive violence in light, as in the following equation (where hν is light): In the presence of charcoal, the combination of chlorine and hydrogen takes place rapidly (but without explosion) in the dark. In some bombings, over a hundred civilians were hospitalized due to breathing difficulties. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. [69] In his 1828 work, Labarraque recommended that doctors breathe chlorine, wash their hands in chlorinated lime, and even sprinkle chlorinated lime about the patients' beds in cases of "contagious infection".

Chlorine, chemical element of the halogen group that is a toxic, corrosive, greenish yellow gas, irritating to the eyes and respiratory system. He used a huge, 2000 plate voltaic pile (battery) to see whether he could get oxygen out of the gas's compounds with phosphorus and sulfur, but again found no oxygen. When the hydrate stands, disproportionation takes place; that is, one chlorine atom in the molecule is oxidized, and the other is reduced. As little as one part per thousand in air causes death within a few minutes, but less than one part per million may be tolerated. For example, DDT, which was widely used to control insects in the mid 20th century, also accumulates in food chains, and causes reproductive problems (e.g., eggshell thinning) in certain bird species. No votes so far! However, it thermally decomposes explosively by breaking one of the central Cl–O bonds, producing the radicals ClO3 and ClO4 which immediately decompose to the elements through intermediate oxides. Chlorine-36 is also known naturally and is a radioactive isotope with a half life of about 30,000 years. Of these, two are stable: 35Cl and 37Cl. When chlorine is inhaled at concentrations greater than 30 ppm, it reacts with water and cellular fluid, producing hydrochloric acid (HCl) and hypochlorous acid (HClO). Due to the difference of electronegativity between chlorine (3.16) and carbon (2.55), the carbon in a C–Cl bond is electron-deficient and thus electrophilic. Many materials that burn in oxygen (air) atmospheres will also burn in chlorine atmospheres. This method also produces very pure sodium (or potassium) hydroxide but has the disadvantage of requiring very pure brine at high concentrations.[60]. var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; Other materials present in the water may generate disinfection by-products that are associated with negative effects on human health. It may be dissolved in water to regenerate perchloric acid or in aqueous alkalis to regenerate perchlorates. It is used for disinfecting drinking water. Chlorine Chemical & Physical Properties – Chlorine liquid form will burn the skin, Chlorine has been used as a chemical warfare agent. In the presence of dry chlorine, titanium is flammable. Chlorine in water linked to food allergies. Properties: Chlorine has a melting point of -100.98°C, boiling point of -34.6°C, density of 3.214 g/l, specific gravity of 1.56 (-33.6°C), with a valence of 1, 3, 5, or 7. Hyperchloremia can affect oxygen transport. [89] Laboratory analysis of clothing and soil samples confirmed the use of chlorine gas against Kurdish Peshmerga Forces in a vehicle-borne improvised explosive device attack on 23 January 2015 at the Highway 47 Kiske Junction near Mosul. Coughing and vomiting may occur at 30 ppm and lung damage at 60 ppm. These include hypochlorite solutions, which gradually release chlorine into the water, and compounds like sodium dichloro-s-triazinetrione (dihydrate or anhydrous), sometimes referred to as "dichlor", and trichloro-s-triazinetrione, sometimes referred to as "trichlor". The volume of a unit mass of chlorine at specified conditions of temperature and pressure. Several catastrophic collapses of swimming pool ceilings have occurred from chlorine-induced stress corrosion cracking of stainless steel suspension rods. > Bio Sanitizer Installation Chlorine can undergo addition or substitution reactions with organic compounds. [49] The haloform reaction, using chlorine and sodium hydroxide, is also able to generate alkyl halides from methyl ketones, and related compounds. However, due to the expense and reactivity of chlorine, organochlorine compounds are more commonly produced by using hydrogen chloride, or with chlorinating agents such as phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5) or thionyl chloride (SOCl2). Go Chemless News: To Ban Chlorine from Swimming Pools is a Matter of Safety. Large amounts of chlorine are used in many industrial processes, such as in the production of paper products, plastics, dyes, textiles, medicines, … The displacement of bromides, for example, occurs according to the following equation: Furthermore, it converts several oxides into chlorides. It is used in in sterilising drinking water. The rates of reaction for the chlorine oxyanions increases as the oxidation state of chlorine decreases.

Chlorine is needed for the production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach and in cellular pump functions. [92][93], The chloride anion is an essential nutrient for metabolism. [66][24], Labarraque's research resulted in the use of chlorides and hypochlorites of lime (calcium hypochlorite) and of sodium (sodium hypochlorite) in the boyauderies. Case Studies, Scientific Papers and Books, Chlorine has been used as a chemical warfare agent. The liquid form will burn the skin. Chemical Properties. In industry, elemental chlorine is usually produced by the electrolysis of sodium chloride dissolved in water. Don’t Sacrifice Salon Hair for a Clean Pool; Go Chemless Instead! The gas is greenish yellow in color and the liquid is clear amber. Sources: In nature, chlorine is only found in the combined state, most commonly with sodium as NaCl and in carnallite (KMgCl3•6H2O) and sylvite (KCl). [90], The Syrian government has allegedly used chlorine as a chemical weapon[91] delivered from barrel bombs and rockets.

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